Gambling Statistics Singapore 2019

The State of Online Gaming 2019 research report highlights the latest findings in Limelight Networks’ ongoing series of consumer surveys about online habits and opinions. This report is based on responses from 4,500 consumers in France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States age 18. Nevada Gaming Statistics: The Last Six Months Updated November 2020 Recent Trends for Casino Revenues, May 2020 to October 2020 Nevada's Gaming Footprint, 1963-2019. If you need a listening ear, more information or assistance on problem gambling, call the helpline or use the new webchat service now. We're Here to Help 1800-6-668-668 CASINO EXCLUSION AND VISIT LIMIT. The purpose of this paper is to explain why Singapore is a success story today despite the fact that its prospects for survival were dim when it became independent in August 1965.,This paper describes the changes in Singapore’s policy context from 1959 to 2016, analyses the five factors responsible for its success and concludes with advice for policy makers interested in implementing.

by Tarlan Ismayilov

Posted on May 15th, 2019

Before we do an in depth analysis, let’s first take a look at the bigger picture here – the numbers. In this article, we are going to focus on statistics for the online gambling industry. As usual, numbers involve a point of view, so when you glance through the rundown of worldwide gambling misfortunes for players, you’re likewise taking a gander at the betting successes for administrators. In light of that, here’s a breakdown of the ten best places for betting income dependent on players.

Online Gambling Statistics

It’s intriguing that Macau bests the rundown of per-person income. Yet Chinese citizens don’t enlist on our top review of betting misfortunes. Macau’s vacationer business has taken a hit as of late. However, tourists still guarantee Macau’s place on top.

Australia appears to display exceptional numbers when it comes to losses and accumulated revenue. At the moment, Australia owns greater number of slot machines than rivaling countries and honestly, it is quite surprising as the country has a population of 22 million.

The top 3 countries with highest gambling income around the world

With regards to betting, we’re all equivalent. Regardless of the games or country that we play in, the online casino always have higher chances to win, and it also doesn’t matter if we play in classic land-based gambling clubs or on the web. Similar to a pile of gambling club chips, a few nations have ascended higher than others in the course of the most recent years.

Through a mix of the guideline, compelling advancement and innovation, the UK, Australia, and Canada have risen as betting masters since the beginning of the 2000s. Presently home to a number of big players in the business, for example, Microgaming and Playtech, the accompanying three nations are top ones regarding notoriety and, obviously, numerical data.

Since the subsidence of 2008-2009, numerous nations have gone to betting as a method for reinforcing weak economies. Some have presented new administrative bodies or opened up their gambling business. Others have continued onward with authorized on the web and mobile betting to enable players to play wager at home. Now let’s take a look at the strategies of players that top all the gambling related incomes list in 2019 and find out what is it exactly that they do which makes them stand out from the competitors.

Macau

Greatest diversions: Casino

China has an on-off attitude towards betting. The Chinese government holds regular lotteries that serve its 1 billion occupants, yet most on the web and live betting is prohibited. The huge issue China has, or possibly its administration, is how to manage Macau.

Previously a Portuguese colony, Macau is currently a home to the most significant online casino gambling businesses around the world. It goes about as a Special Administrative Region in China. And keeping in mind that it’s not administered from Beijing, it has needed to persevere some heavyweight pressure from the government to get rid of betting income.

There are 38 clubs in Macau, including real activities from worldwide players like Sands and Wynn, and Melco Crown. Generally, in Macau, net gaming income (GGR) has been on the decay for a couple of years. A clampdown on money spilling out of China to Macau has prompted numerous club battling. Another bearing for the club into ‘mass market’ diversion may see an adjustment in Macau’s fortunes. Or else, VIPs and hot shots will keep on discovering new places to bet like Australia, Singapore, and the Philippines.

USA

Recreations: Poker, gambling clubs, sports betting, horse racing, lottery, Daily Fantasy Sports (DFS), bingo

Together with Macau, the United States of America drives the list in worldwide betting revenues, with the state of Nevada assisting with its ever-growing gambling club market. Majority of states in the US have restricted web-based betting, but many have authorized gambling clubs. Additionally, many US states hold regular lotteries.

In 2013, Delaware, New Jersey, and Nevada turned into the initial states to direct web-based gaming out of the blue. Nevada presently allows the works of online poker locales, while Delaware and New Jersey have legitimated online club and poker websites. Online sports betting, however, is banned all over.

Justifiably, Nevada drives the route with $11,123,830 in 2015 with regards to US club betting, according to the latest statistics on online gambling. On the other hand, New Jersey has suffered some bad hits. Parts of New Jersey such as Atlantic City have seen gambling clubs go fully bankrupt as its club income has dropped from $5.2 million during 2006 to $2.5 million in 2015.

New Jersey legitimized web-based betting in 2013 after the unwinding of web betting laws. The Division of Gaming Enforcement (DGE) manages legitimate web gaming in the Garden State.

Incomes have been on decline since web betting was legitimized in New Jersey. Be that as it may, in July 2016 in general web-based betting incomes rose to $16 million says the online gambling statistics report.

How it’s administered: Lotteries, sportsbooks, and gambling club are represented on a state-by-state format. Online sports betting is still restricted all over the US. However, the law is on the table for discussion with an ascent in prominence of DFS (Daily Fantasy Sports). Nevada and New Jersey have sanctioned regular online casino games, with some legitimate web-based betting. California and Florida have flourishing legitimate online poker ventures. In any case, the two states have opposed calls to authorize online poker. Pennsylvania as of late changed the two its property based and web-based betting markets.

Great Britain

Recreations: Sports betting, poker, lottery, bingo, horse racing, club, portable gaming, social gaming

One of the first betting markets and a pioneer with regards to guideline cordiality of the UK Gambling Commission, the UK has scored some fantastic income as of late. From the quantity of wagering venues to the general volume of the industry, the United Kingdom is, without a doubt, an incredible betting country.

The United Kingdom has online casino and poker and bingo rooms and a state-regulated lottery. The UK citizens are additionally permitted to bet real cash on portable and web-based betting sites.

Famous Gambling Games

Casino Games and Slots

Gambling club wagering typically involves a general “wagering” bunch that incorporates lottery and bingo. In any case, club betting had ascended to 35.1% in 2013 from 32% in 2007, according to the statistics on online gambling clubs.

As indicated by the most recent statistics on online gambling amongst the USA gambling club guests, almost half (48%) played slot games, while 16% and 6% playing blackjack and poker, respectively. Roulette represented only 5% of the prevalent play.

The development in mobile gambling and online slots has prompted some gigantic victors. Dynamic big stakes have been in charge of some groundbreaking successes, with gamblers bringing down rewards of $5-7 million in the previous couple of years.

Sports Betting

Sports betting is a billion-dollar worldwide industry. Be that as it may, the unregulated sports wagering industry in Asia implies the business, all in all, might really be worth a lot more. Illicit wagering crime groups in China and in other places have been in charge of fortunes being won and lost on games.

Controlled sports betting represented $58 billion in the worldwide market. Those numbers are set to rise over $77 billion during 2016. (Source: European Gaming and Betting Association).

Poker

Online poker has climbed since its blast in the mid-2000s. The elimination of US-confronting destinations has prompted a decrease in web traffic. Furthermore, even in regulated industries, online poker statistics are battling. The highest rewards keep on increasing, with the World Series of Poker headliner winner getting around $7-10 million. The most top online competitions draw in enough players to grant million-dollar first prizes.

Lottery

Lotteries are legitimate in numerous nations, even where customary wagering and club style betting is banned. The EGBA predicts an ascent in a lot of by and massive gaming on the web, from 2.4% in 2013 to 6% in 2018.

In the United Kingdom, the National Lottery fund-raises for charitable purposes just as allowing players to score huge rewards. Lottery prizes increased 22% somewhere in the range of 2012 and 2016, with £3.28 billion paid out in 2012 and £4.23 billion out of 2016.

Bingo

It’s assessed there are currently around 100 million online bingo players around the world, 70-80% of whom are ladies, generally matured somewhere in the range of 30 and 50. In 2015 yearly gross-gaming yield for the online bingo industry from UK clients along with £128.64 million, or 3% of the whole web-based betting piece of the pie.

In 2015, the yearly gross income for the online bingo market from United Kingdom clients was around £128.64 million or 3% of the whole web-based betting piece of the pie, says the annual statistics on online gambling.

Betting

Gambling Statistics Singapore 2019 2020

As should be evident from the measurements, the betting business is presently flourishing. From live gambling clubs in Canada to the online economy in Spain, the quantity of players paying is unmistakably on the up.

Even though the worldwide retreat and administrative issues have made pieces of the betting business grow slower than anticipated in the course of the most recent decade, the global accounting report is still operating at a profit. Truth be told, as we head towards 2020, the approach of innovation, for example, portable gambling clubs, live seller diversions and, possibly, computer-generated reality, are taking yearly income to record levels.

Along these lines, regardless of whether you’re an administrator, a player or only somebody with a propensity for numbers, the betting business keeps on demonstrating that it’s a standout amongst the most energetic diversion economies on the planet.

The expected future trends in the worldwide gambling industry

There is no industry on the planet today that can coordinate the sheer development and drive of web-based betting. Over the globe, the event is grabbing hold, with more brands than any other time in recent memory viewing for player consideration and more individuals setting down bets accordingly.

Thinking about the present condition of world betting, everybody is currently looking to what’s to come. Be that as it may, – as most will as of now confirm – anticipating the eventual fate of the betting scene is no simple accomplishment. Making the circumstance a little brighter, we’ve separated the information to surrender you ahead on what’s to come.

Estimated value of the worldwide online casino market

What’s quickly evident is the surprising estimation of the gambling club market in 2017, with it’s anticipated esteem expected to be around $635 billion in the years to come. Drilling this detail further, it merits taking a gander at the 2 most important segments in club gaming’s development – those being the United States and the United Kingdom. In the US, experts anticipate money incomes to hit $21.14 billion, whereas in the UK betting income should hit $4 billion. These two statistics alone make up what ought to be a 5.7% development of the worldwide betting business sector before 2022

The development identified with online casino play, by and large, is gigantic, yet for all intents and purposes, the majority of this has happened in the online area. Land-based gambling club play is still concerning the downturn – separated from inside a couple of the specific regions – like it has been as of late. Considering that new online businesses continue to emerge, we can accept that online club industry will keep on predominating land-based activities.

Biggest gambling market

The biggest market for web-based betting is Europe, yet this most likely won’t seem like a shock to anybody. During 2015, the EU market was responsible for 47.6% of the €34.6 billion of worldwide internet gaming gross revenue (stakes small rewards) created. While the achievement of internet betting in Europe is entirely outstanding, what’s helping the mainland be viewed as a pioneer in betting is its dimension of advancement, mainly through the development of useful gambling club stages.

On the other hand, bearing in mind the fragile nature of EU legislative issues since Brexit, people started to ask questions about how new policies will affect betting in Europe in the upcoming years.

Gambling Statistics Singapore 2019 Schedule

Highest increase rate in market share

Macau’s betting propensities have dependably been noticeable, with the measurements demonstrating that betting movement is just developing on Chinese shores. According to the newest statistics on online gambling, year-on-year month to month development in Macau gambling club income stays at an enduring 1.1%. This helps Macau to crush yearly focuses concerning gross gaming income.

As per current information dependent on the framework, appearance, and increasing spending, it could be around $53 billion by 2022. This information originates from a Morgan Stanley report titled “Macau 2022 – Power of Compounding”. In the story, the examiner states, “We figure the nature of development will be better, as more than 80 percent of the estimated benefit should originate from the mass market fragment. The 2018 opening of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge was an important foundation advancement, interfacing HK and Macau districts with the city of Zhuhai on territory China. The city’s Hengqin island likewise proceeded with its colossal advancement venture, with the point of making the whole associated district a world focus of relaxation, the travel industry, and gaming. We additionally believe that by 2022, there will be clarity around permit restoration, advancement, and framework incline.”

Fueled by stable and reliable development figures, Macau might be the central spot on the planet – barring Las Vegas – where land-based gambling club play is genuinely prospering, according to online gambling statistics.

Increasing market share of Australia

Taking a gander at the situation of worldwide betting nation by nation, the betting dimensions in the United States, United Kingdom, Japan, and China are as of now all around recorded. What won’t be so apparent is Australia’s come in the business’ development. Insights demonstrate that the ordinary misfortune per card games in Australia goes over the one in different countries, coming in at somewhat below $1,000. Singapore is second on that rundown, with the ordinary misfortune per grown-up approximately $640, says the newest online gambling statistics. With Australian citizens desiring to take part with better than standard measures of extra cash, Australia will have a task to carry out later on of online club gaming.

Closing the gap between the number of male and female gamblers

There is another primary consideration that should be tended to the outside of country-by-country advance, this showing the number of women starting on betting, as they are currently assuming a more interactive performance in net revenues than any other time in recent memory. Ladies presently represent around 40% of all betting movement in the UK, as indicated by information on the latest statistics for online gambling issued by UKGC.

According to online gambling statistics, for ladies, amusements, for example, bingo have demonstrated continuously to be prevalent. However, it gives the idea that many are currently moving onto different recreations – explicitly spaces – as every year passes by.

Organized crime in Singapore has a long history with secret societies such as Ghee HinKongsi carrying out their activities in the 19th century. These organized groups hold great relevance to Singaporean modern history. Since 1890, organized groups began fading from Singapore, decline in street organized crime in the past years due to legislation has been put place to ensure authorities suppress the activities of criminal gangs. Contemporary Singapore witnessed a significant rise in other forms of crime —organized cyber-crime.

Historical background[edit]

The first secret society group[edit]

Organized criminal gangs existed in Singapore long before the arrival of the British. Formed in 1820, Heaven and Earth Society (Tiandihui) based in Fujian, an offshoot of the Ghee HinKongsi was the first secret group formed in Singapore.^[1]

British colony of Singapore[edit]

Organized crime was on a steady rise in the following years as a result of immigration triggered by the arrival of the British since 1946.^[2] The mass immigration played a crucial role in the economic development during the colonial era by availing large population for labors. However, the rapid growth in the ethnic Chinese population came with cost as secret societies were formed. Immigrants formed their own “community” based on the notion of brotherhood generally known as Hui, which loosely translates into a vast family or company. When joining Hui, one had to cut their fingers with a knife, and the blood that dripped down would be added into rice wine, then it would be drunk as a sign of brotherhood.^[1]

Early 19th century[edit]

The formation of this secret society (Hui) played an important role to the immigrants from China during the early 19th century. This group was particularly helpful to these Chinese immigrants during their encounters with colonial government officials who were ignorant of the Chinese language and culture. They would take advantage of these situations to lure the Chinese into joining 'Hui'. They offered a source of livelihood to the immigrants, offered protection and most imperatively presided over activities that united them and gave them a sense of belonging and spiritual fulfillment.^[1] The Hui were involved in a sourcing of unskilled native labourers as well as other profit making ventures such as pepper and gambier farming.^[3]

At the beginning of the 19th century Hui adopted a clarion call of mutual assistance, bonding and brotherhood^[3] and the colonial government's attitude towards the secret society is ambiguous due to political independence and the inability of the colony's administration. However, by mid 19th century their activities had deteriorated sharply creating impressions of disorder and violence.

Mid-19th century[edit]

Organized crime groups were posing huge problems to the routine and security of people, which forced the British authorities to curb the growing problem. These secret societies intensified their criminal activities from 1850s steadily evolving into organized crimes. They started with simple acts of crime extortion, trafficking and opium dealings before expanding to bigger criminal ventures like running illegal gambling dens and brothels. Organized crime groups started to scuffle with other gangs in order to take over their “turf” and threatened other citizens to pay protection money in return for their so-called ‘protection’. The most ferocious organized crime group was GheeHinKongsi; estimated to have 800 members, this group was largely made of the Cantonese.^[1] Other secret societies involved in crime include the Hai San, a gang that rivalled the Ghee Hin group in competition for land houses and business opportunities. Major legislative development in the colonial government led to the suppression of secret societies as law enforcement authorities thwarted the activities of organized crime.

Modern trends[edit]

In Singapore just like any other country in the world, organized crime is considered a criminal act and includes running unlicensed money lending facilities and operating illegal gambling dens among other crimes. Given the severe penalty attached to them, Singapore records an average low crime rate compared to the rest of the world. However, some smaller groups have come together to form some secret groups that takes after the past secret groups like 'Hui'. These groups membership is primarily adolescent teenagers.^[4] Singapore has registered an increase in gang related activities in the recent past with drug trafficking being the major organized crime in the recent times owing to its immense profits. Since 1970s these groups have emerged at different times running various illegal activities and engaging in violent activities in the pursuit of their interests which includes unlicensed money lending and drug trafficking. Salakau gang is also another recent example of organized crime. This group drew its members from the Indians and Malays and made huge amounts of money through engaging in extortion and prostitution. Gang rivalry and conflicts between different gangs is a common phenomenon. Even in the present days, there is still a growing number of rebellious youths who subscribe to the ideologies of gang stars thinking being in a gang makes people look cool.^[5] A typical example can be traced back to 1990 where some teenagers in “pseudo street gangs” were obsessed with Salaku believing that such an affiliation was cool. These teenagers would be heard chanting the Salakau slogans in their squabbles without being its group members.

Critical Information Infrastructure (CII) is still considered a primary target for organized cyber criminals in Singapore. This infrastructure includes the Banking and Finance industry which is likely to suffer major losses which may affect the country's economy ^[6] .An insurance company suffered major losses in 2017 when a group of hackers attacked the company's website leaking personal information for more than 5000 customers.

Organized cyber-crime[edit]

Organized cyber-crime in Singapore has been a threat to both private and public sector including government's security agencies. The cyber-attack on the Ministry of Defense in February 2017 was an example of case where a government agency became a target for cyber criminals.^[7] Personal details of military personnel were leaked during the attack carried out by hackers. The attack was thwarted before the hackers could access classified military information. Private businesses have also registered losses as a result of cyber-attacks such as the Wannacry Ransomware in 2017 which compelled victims to send a ransom of particular amount to the criminals ^[8]

Secret societies have been using online markets to sell illicit items such as drugs and weapons. This sale is always conducted on the dark web, a collection of encrypted websites that cannot be tracked easily by authorities. According to Singapore Anti-Narcotics Association, youths have turned to online markets for drugs such as marijuana. The transactions are carried online through escrow which allows for the payment of contraband.^[9] Organized criminal societies have been involved in illicit money lending services on online platforms. These loans are always offered on high rates taking advantage of the victims’ desperation. Since obtaining banks loans is time-consuming and demanding, criminals have resorted to offering loans on the dark web^[10]

Decline of organized crime[edit]

Since 1890, Singapore has witnessed declining rates of organised crime through the years. This has been made possible by the enactment of strict laws and legislation such as the ‘Societies Ordinance Act’ that spelled severe penalties for the offenders. However, there is no denying that organised gangs still exist and it may not be possible to fully wipe them out.^[11] The significant decline in gang related activities is attributable to the reforms that have taken place within the law enforcement agencies. The police force has a branch called the Secret Society Branch (SSB) which is mandated primarily to suppress these gangs and destroy them. Among the strategies they employ in dealing with these gangs include surprise raids on their dens deterring any potential offenders.^[11] The Singaporean Criminal law dictates that any person found guilty of a criminal offence involving unlawful society is liable to five years of imprisonment and five strokes of cane. In the event that the crime involves a person with authority or a leader within the group then the penalty could be doubled or even tripled. Additionally, certain offences such as drug trafficking are considered capital offences and could lead to death penalty under the penal code. Young offenders below the age of 21 years who join criminal gangs would be liable to life imprisonment while gang robberies would also attract five years behind bars under the code. Accordingly, strict legislation has been the biggest deterrence of criminal gangs effectively and efficiently reducing crime in the country.

Organized Crime Act 2015[edit]

The parliament of Singapore is credited for enacting legislation addressing organized crime in the country. The Organised Crime Act 2015 is one of the recent statutes that was designed to help reduce criminal activities by organized gangs. It took full effect in June 2016 having been passed by the parliament in 2015. The law grants power to law enforcement authorities to detect and prevent criminal activities with minimal interference. Under this law, the public prosecutor is allowed to confiscate assets obtained from criminal activities before sentencing following an application from the High court.^[11] This move helps in the investigation of suspected criminals, as they are denied the financial freedom that would jeopardize investigations. Suspected criminals planning to flee overseas using material gains from criminal activities may be apprehended by law enforcement authorities. However, it was worth noting that the public prosecutor has the responsibility to prove that a suspect was involved in criminal activities before being granted permission for civil confiscation.

Three preventive orders[edit]

The Organised Crime Act 2015 also provides for statutory laws that contain preventive orders. These are orders used by the public prosecutor to prevent the likelihood of a suspect engaging in future criminal activities. There are three orders that fall within the preventive orders provided in the act namely disqualification order, financial reporting order and the Organized crime prevention order.^[12] The disqualification order restricts suspects from getting involved in the management of companies. If suspects are found guilty, they are automatically disqualified by the court from acting as directors for companies. This order is drawn from the fact that one may use the corporate form as a shield while engaging in criminal activities in the background. The privileges emanating from the limited liability feature of a company may pose a challenge in the investigation of a suspect.^[13] Financial reporting order is issued on suspects demanding them to submit their financial reports to relevant authorities. Such orders are issued on individuals serving their sentence and may be extended even after the jail term. The public prosecutor is also legally permitted to demand these reports from suspects who have not been found guilty by the courts. This law prevents the sentenced members of secret societies from funding criminal activities while serving their sentence. Organized crime prevention order grants permission to law enforcement authorities to monitor the activities of suspects including those not found guilty. It has helped reduce organized crime by monitoring the activities of former criminals as well as persons of interest.^[14]

Opposition from human rights advocate[edit]

Even though arguments have been made against these laws, Singapore has recorded a sharp decline in the rate of organized crime since 2016. Human rights advocates argue that these laws infringe on the rights of citizens by suppressing their freedom of expression and assembly. The preventive detention permitted by the Criminal Law Act has always been a subject of debate. Critics argue that the warrantless arrest of suspects is subject to abuse by the law enforcement authorities.^[15]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abcdLim, I (1999). Secret societies in Singapore: featuring the William Stirling collection. National Heritage Board: Singapore History Museum.
2. ^'Singapore profile'. 2018-07-20. Retrieved 2019-06-03.
3. ^ ^abFreedman, M (1960). 'Immigrants and Associations: Chinese in nineteenth-century Singapore'. Comparative Studies in Society and History. 3: 25–48. doi:10.1017/S0010417500000980.
4. ^hermesauto (2018-08-23). 'Overall crime up by 3.2% in first half of 2018; spike in impersonation cases and loan, e-commerce scams'. The Straits Times. Retrieved 2019-05-30.
5. ^Yaming, Ang; Long, Mavis; Chu, Chi Meng; Daffern, Michael; Thomas, Stuart; O'Brien, Kate (2015-01-05). 'Determinants of gang affiliation in Singaporean youth offenders: social and familial factors'. Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research. 7 (1): 19–32. doi:10.1108/JACPR-11-2013-0031. ISSN1759-6599.
6. ^Teoh, C. S.; Mahmood, A. K. (2017). 'National cyber security strategies for digital economy'. 2017 International Conference on Research and Innovation in Information Systems (ICRIIS): 1–6. doi:10.1109/ICRIIS.2017.8002519. ISBN978-1-5090-3035-4.
7. ^'Crimewatch: Cybercrime Cases'. Cyber Security Agency. Retrieved 2019-05-30.
8. ^'Cyber threats in Singapore grew in 2017 mirroring global trends'. Cyber Security Agency. Retrieved 2019-05-30.
9. ^Choo, Kim-Kwang Raymond; Smith, Russell G. (2008-06-01). 'Criminal Exploitation of Online Systems by Organised Crime Groups'. Asian Journal of Criminology. 3 (1): 37–59. doi:10.1007/s11417-007-9035-y. ISSN1871-014X.
10. ^Schloenhardt, A (2019). 'Fighting Organized Crime in the Asia Pacific Region: New Weapons, Lost War'(PDF). ASIA Working Paper Series (22).
11. ^ ^abc'Is Joining a Gang Illegal in Singapore?: Being Recruited and Penalties'. SingaporeLegalAdvice.com. Retrieved 2019-05-30.
12. ^'Organised Crime Act 2015 - Singapore Statutes Online'. sso.agc.gov.sg. Retrieved 2019-05-30.
13. ^Obokata, T (2017). 'The Value of International Law in Combating Transnational Organized Crime in the Asia-Pacific'. Asian Journal of International Law. 7 (1): 39–60. doi:10.1017/S2044251315000193.
14. ^Biswas, R. 'Combating Terrorism and Organized Crime: Cryptocurrencies and Cybercrime'. Emerging Markets Megatrends: 217–227.
15. ^''Kill the Chicken to Scare the Monkeys' Suppression of Free Expression and Assembly in Singapore'. Human Rights Watch. 2017-12-12. Retrieved 2019-05-30.